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Low Carb É Realmente Melhor Para Composição Corporal?


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Faltou dizer que a maioria dos aminoácidos e gorduras também não são essenciais. Na verdade, apenas os aminoácidos e gorduras essenciais são essenciais (duh). Os aminoácidos e gorduras não essenciais podem ser obtidos a partir de... wait for it... carbs! 

 

Os carbos são um grande coringa. Se jogar EAA e EFA na dieta, pode completar o restante com carbos. Alternativamente, excluir os carbos e trabalhar com proteínas e gorduras tb é perfeitamente possível. O organismo não tem substrato preferencial, ele trabalha com o que estiver disponível, fazendo as adaptações metabólicas necessárias.

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Publicidade

Só faltou colocar isso dentro de um contexto onde se busca força, performance, composição corporal e afins.
Até aí tem diversas coisas "não essenciais" para viver, que são essenciais para composição corporal.

Link para o comentário
Compartilhar em outros sites

Ciência revela as contagens de calorias estão todas erradas

A digestão é um processo muito confuso para transmitir com precisão em números puros. As contagens nos rótulos dos alimentos podem diferir muito das calorias que você realmente extrai, por muitas razões

 

Spoiler

Science Reveals Why Calorie Counts Are All Wrong

Digestion is far too messy a process to accurately convey in neat numbers. The counts on food labels can differ wildly from the calories you actually extract, for many reasons

 

695ED619-BA93-4458-BB74AA9FDAC45E23.jpg?

 

Credit: Joel Holland; JUSTIN LIGHTLEY Getty Images

IN BRIEF

  • Almost every packaged food today features calorie counts in its label. Most of these counts are inaccurate because they are based on a system of averages that ignores the complexity of digestion.
  • Recent research reveals that how many calories we extract from food depends on which species we eat, how we prepare our food, which bacteria are in our gut and how much energy we use to digest different foods.
  • Current calorie counts do not consider any of these factors. Digestion is so intricate that even if we try to improve calorie counts, we will likely never make them perfectly accurate.

At one particularly strange moment in my career, I found myself picking through giant conical piles of dung produced by emus—those goofy Australian kin to the ostrich. I was trying to figure out how often seeds pass all the way through the emu digestive system intact enough to germinate. My colleagues and I planted thousands of collected seeds and waited. Eventually, little jungles grew.

Clearly, the plants that emus eat have evolved seeds that can survive digestion relatively unscathed. Whereas the birds want to get as many calories from fruits as possible—including from the seeds—the plants are invested in protecting their progeny. Although it did not occur to me at the time, I later realized that humans, too, engage in a kind of tug-of-war with the food we eat, a battle in which we are measuring the spoils—calories—all wrong.

Food is energy for the body. Digestive enzymes in the mouth, stomach and intestines break up complex food molecules into simpler structures, such as sugars and amino acids that travel through the bloodstream to all our tissues. Our cells use the energy stored in the chemical bonds of these simpler molecules to carry on business as usual. We calculate the available energy in all foods with a unit known as the food calorie, or kilocalorie—the amount of energy required to heat one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. Fats provide approximately nine calories per gram, whereas carbohydrates and proteins deliver just four. Fiber offers a piddling two calories because enzymes in the human digestive tract have great difficulty chopping it up into smaller molecules.

Every calorie count on every food label you have ever seen is based on these estimates or on modest derivations thereof. Yet these approximations assume that the 19th-century laboratory experiments on which they are based accurately reflect how much energy different people with different bodies derive from many different kinds of food. New research has revealed that this assumption is, at best, far too simplistic. To accurately calculate the total calories that someone gets out of a given food, you would have to take into account a dizzying array of factors, including whether that food has evolved to survive digestion; how boiling, baking, microwaving or flambéing a food changes its structure and chemistry; how much energy the body expends to break down different kinds of food; and the extent to which the billions of bacteria in the gut aid human digestion and, conversely, steal some calories for themselves.

Nutrition scientists are beginning to learn enough to hypothetically improve calorie labels, but digestion turns out to be such a fantastically complex and messy affair that we will probably never derive a formula for an infallible calorie count.

A Hard Nut to Crack
The flaws in modern calorie counts originated in the 19th century, when American chemist Wilbur Olin Atwater developed a system, still used today, for calculating the average number of calories in one gram of fat, protein and carbohydrate. Atwater was doing his best, but no food is average. Every food is digested in its own way.

Consider how vegetables vary in their digestibility. We eat the stems, leaves and roots of hundreds of different plants. The walls of plant cells in the stems and leaves of some species are much tougher than those in other species. Even within a single plant, the durability of cell walls can differ. Older leaves tend to have sturdier cell walls than young ones. Generally speaking, the weaker or more degraded the cell walls in the plant material we eat, the more calories we get from it. Cooking easily ruptures cells in, say, spinach and zucchini, but cassava (Manihot esculenta) or Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is much more resistant. When cell walls hold strong, foods hoard their precious calories and pass through our body intact (think corn).

[break]

Some plant parts have evolved adaptations either to make themselves more appetizing to animals or to evade digestion altogether. Fruits and nuts first evolved in the Cretaceous (between 145 and 65 million years ago), not long after mammals were beginning to run between the legs of dinosaurs. Evolution favored fruits that were both tasty and easy to digest to better attract animals that could help plants scatter seeds. It also favored nuts and seeds that were hard to digest, however. After all, seeds and nuts need to survive the guts of birds, bats, rodents and monkeys to spread the genes they contain.

Studies suggest that peanuts, pistachios and almonds are less completely digested than other foods with similar levels of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, meaning they relinquish fewer calories than one would expect. A new study by Janet A. Novotny and her colleagues at the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that when people eat almonds, they receive just 129 calories per serving rather than the 170 calories reported on the label. They reached this conclusion by asking people to follow the same exact diets—except for the amount of almonds they ate—and measuring the unused calories in their feces and urine.

Even foods that have not evolved to survive digestion differ markedly in their digestibility. Proteins may require as much as five times more energy to digest as fats because our enzymes must unravel the tightly wound strings of amino acids from which proteins are built. Yet food labels do not account for this expenditure. Some foods such as honey are so readily used that our digestive system is hardly put to use. They break down in our stomach and slip quickly across the walls of our intestines into the bloodstream: game over.

Finally, some foods prompt the immune system to identify and deal with any hitchhiking pathogens. No one has seriously evaluated just how many calories this process involves, but it is probably quite a few. A somewhat raw piece of meat can harbor lots of potentially dangerous microbes. Even if our immune system does not attack any of the pathogens in our food, it still uses up energy to take the first step of distinguishing friend from foe. This is not to mention the potentially enormous calorie loss if a pathogen in uncooked meat leads to diarrhea.

What's Cooking?
Perhaps the biggest problem with modern calorie labels is that they fail to account for an everyday activity that dramatically alters how much energy we get from food: the way we simmer, sizzle, sauté and otherwise process what we eat. When studying the feeding behavior of wild chimpanzees, biologist Richard Wrangham, now at Harvard University, tried eating what the chimps ate. He went hungry and finally gave in to eating human foods. He has come to believe that learning to process food—cooking it with fire and pounding it with stones—was a milestone of human evolution. Emus do not process food; neither, to any real extent, do any of the apes. Yet every human culture in the world has technology for modifying its food. We grind, we heat, we ferment. When humans learned to cook food—particularly, meat—they would have dramatically increased the number of calories they extracted from that food. Wrangham proposes that getting more energy from food allowed humans to develop and nourish exceptionally large brains relative to body size. But no one had precisely investigated, in a controlled experiment, how processing food changes the energy it provides—until now.

Rachel N. Carmody, a former graduate student in Wrangham's lab, and her collaborators fed adult male mice either sweet potatoes or lean beef. She served these foods raw and whole, raw and pounded, cooked and whole, or cooked and pounded and allowed the mice to eat as much as they wanted for four days. Mice lost around four grams of weight on raw sweet potatoes but gained weight on cooked potatoes, pounded and whole. Similarly, the mice retained one gram more of body mass when consuming cooked meat rather than raw meat. This reaction makes biological sense. Heat hastens the unraveling, and thus the digestibility, of proteins, as well as killing bacteria, presumably reducing the energy the immune system must expend to battle any pathogens.

[break]

Carmody's findings also apply to industrial processing. In a 2010 study people who ate 600- or 800-calorie portions of whole-wheat bread with sunflower seeds, kernels of grain and cheddar cheese expended twice as much energy to digest that food as did individuals who consumed the same quantity of white bread and “processed cheese product.” Consequently, people snacking on whole wheat obtained 10 percent fewer calories.

Even if two people eat the same sweet potato or piece of meat cooked the same way, they will not get the same number of calories out of it. Carmody and her colleagues studied inbred mice with highly similar genetics. Yet the mice still varied in terms of how much they grew or shrank on a given diet. People differ in nearly all traits, including inconspicuous features, such as the size of the gut. Measuring people's colons has not been popular for years, but when it was the craze among European scientists in the early 1900s, studies discovered that certain Russian populations had large intestines that were about 57 centimeters longer on average than those of certain Polish populations. Because the final stages of nutrient absorption occur in the large intestine, a Russian eating the same amount of food as a Pole is likely to get more calories from it. People also vary in the particular enzymes they produce. By some measures, most adults do not produce the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to break down lactose sugars in milk. As a result, one man's high-calorie latte is another's low-calorie case of the runs.

People differ immensely as well in what scientists have come to regard as an extra organ of the human body—the community of bacteria living in the intestines. In humans, two phyla of bacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, dominate the gut. Researchers have found that obese people have more Firmicutes in their intestines and have proposed that some people are obese, in part, because the extra bacteria make them more efficient at metabolizing food: so instead of being lost as waste, more nutrients make their way into the circulation and, if they go unused, get stored as fat. Other microbes turn up only in specific peoples. Some Japanese individuals, for example, have a microbe in their intestines that is particularly good at breaking down seaweed. It turns out this intestinal bacterium stole the seaweed-digesting genes from a marine bacterium that lingered on raw seaweed salads.

Because many modern diets contain so many easily digestible processed foods, they may be reducing the populations of gut microbes that evolved to digest the more fibrous matter our own enzymes cannot. If we continue to make our gut a less friendly environment for such bacteria, we may get fewer calories from tough foods such as celery.

Few people have attempted to improve calorie counts on food labels based on our current understanding of human digestion. We could tweak the Atwater system to account for the special digestive challenges posed by nuts. We could even do so nut by nut or, more generally, food by food. Such changes (which have unsurprisingly been supported by the Almond Board of California, an advocacy group) would, however, require scientists to study each and every food the same way that Novotny and her colleagues investigated almonds, one bag of feces and jar of urine at a time. Judging by the fda's regulations, the agency would be unlikely to prevent food sellers from adjusting calorie counts based on such new studies. The bigger challenge is modifying labels based on how items are processed; no one seems to have launched any efforts to make this larger change.

Even if we entirely revamped calorie counts, however, they would never be precisely accurate because the amount of calories we extract from food depends on such a complex interaction between food and the human body and its many microbes. In the end, we all want to know how to make the smartest choices at the supermarket. Merely counting calories based on food labels is an overly simplistic approach to eating a healthy diet—one that does not necessarily improve our health, even if it helps us lose weight. Instead we should think more carefully about the energy we get from our food in the context of human biology. Processed foods are so easily digested in the stomach and intestines that they give us a lot of energy for very little work. In contrast, veggies, nuts and whole grains make us sweat for our calories, generally offer far more vitamins and nutrients than processed items, and keep our gut bacteria happy. So it would be logical for people who want to eat healthier and cut calories to favor whole and raw foods over highly processed foods. You might call it the way of the emu.

This article was originally published with the title "Everything You Know about Calories is Wrong"

 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-reveals-why-calorie-counts-are-all-wrong/

 

"Contagem de calorias é um transtorno alimentar, ou mais precisamente, é uma ilusão pensar que você é inteligente o suficiente para ser capaz de fazê-lo.

Calorias são muito difíceis de medir- grande parte dos dados sobre os alimentos é incorreto e não leva em conta as propriedades de mistura alimentos, apenas o que acontece quando você eletrocuta um único tipo de substância nos confins de uma bomba de calorímetro e o quanto ele se aquece num pouco de água.

Mesmo em gorduras simples a quantidade de energia potencial difere de grama por grama.

Calorias são ridiculamente difíceis de medir - metabolismo e despesas gerais são tão variadas e vacilantes que é inútil pensar no uso de energia como "Queimei xxx calorias".

Calorias são impossíveis de saber exatamente o que está acontecendo no meio - o corpo não processa "calorias". Ele rompe as moléculas e metaboliza com base em sua condição atual, em seguida, modifica a condição atual através de hormônios para se adequar a entrada. O destino de uma dada molécula não é possível prever com exatidão.

A contagem e equações envolvidas não existem incondicionamente - a quantidade de picos hormonais e baixos que os vários tipos de alimentos encontram em seu caminho para se tornar ATP (a energia utilizável ACTUAL) é suficiente para fazer você chorar - todos nós estaríamos melhor se o termo "calorias" fosse devolvido ao estado hipotético e nunca utilizado novamente."

 

CICO-BIOCHEM-thumb.jpg
 

Editado por Norton
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2 horas atrás, cotozin disse:

Só faltou colocar isso dentro de um contexto onde se busca força, performance, composição corporal e afins.
Até aí tem diversas coisas "não essenciais" para viver, que são essenciais para composição corporal.

Exatamente...

 

58 minutos atrás, Norton disse:

Ciência revela as contagens de calorias estão todas erradas

A digestão é um processo muito confuso para transmitir com precisão em números puros. As contagens nos rótulos dos alimentos podem diferir muito das calorias que você realmente extrai, por muitas razões

 

  Mostrar conteúdo oculto

Science Reveals Why Calorie Counts Are All Wrong

Digestion is far too messy a process to accurately convey in neat numbers. The counts on food labels can differ wildly from the calories you actually extract, for many reasons

 

695ED619-BA93-4458-BB74AA9FDAC45E23.jpg?

 

Credit: Joel Holland; JUSTIN LIGHTLEY Getty Images

IN BRIEF

  • Almost every packaged food today features calorie counts in its label. Most of these counts are inaccurate because they are based on a system of averages that ignores the complexity of digestion.
  • Recent research reveals that how many calories we extract from food depends on which species we eat, how we prepare our food, which bacteria are in our gut and how much energy we use to digest different foods.
  • Current calorie counts do not consider any of these factors. Digestion is so intricate that even if we try to improve calorie counts, we will likely never make them perfectly accurate.

At one particularly strange moment in my career, I found myself picking through giant conical piles of dung produced by emus—those goofy Australian kin to the ostrich. I was trying to figure out how often seeds pass all the way through the emu digestive system intact enough to germinate. My colleagues and I planted thousands of collected seeds and waited. Eventually, little jungles grew.

Clearly, the plants that emus eat have evolved seeds that can survive digestion relatively unscathed. Whereas the birds want to get as many calories from fruits as possible—including from the seeds—the plants are invested in protecting their progeny. Although it did not occur to me at the time, I later realized that humans, too, engage in a kind of tug-of-war with the food we eat, a battle in which we are measuring the spoils—calories—all wrong.

Food is energy for the body. Digestive enzymes in the mouth, stomach and intestines break up complex food molecules into simpler structures, such as sugars and amino acids that travel through the bloodstream to all our tissues. Our cells use the energy stored in the chemical bonds of these simpler molecules to carry on business as usual. We calculate the available energy in all foods with a unit known as the food calorie, or kilocalorie—the amount of energy required to heat one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. Fats provide approximately nine calories per gram, whereas carbohydrates and proteins deliver just four. Fiber offers a piddling two calories because enzymes in the human digestive tract have great difficulty chopping it up into smaller molecules.

Every calorie count on every food label you have ever seen is based on these estimates or on modest derivations thereof. Yet these approximations assume that the 19th-century laboratory experiments on which they are based accurately reflect how much energy different people with different bodies derive from many different kinds of food. New research has revealed that this assumption is, at best, far too simplistic. To accurately calculate the total calories that someone gets out of a given food, you would have to take into account a dizzying array of factors, including whether that food has evolved to survive digestion; how boiling, baking, microwaving or flambéing a food changes its structure and chemistry; how much energy the body expends to break down different kinds of food; and the extent to which the billions of bacteria in the gut aid human digestion and, conversely, steal some calories for themselves.

Nutrition scientists are beginning to learn enough to hypothetically improve calorie labels, but digestion turns out to be such a fantastically complex and messy affair that we will probably never derive a formula for an infallible calorie count.

A Hard Nut to Crack
The flaws in modern calorie counts originated in the 19th century, when American chemist Wilbur Olin Atwater developed a system, still used today, for calculating the average number of calories in one gram of fat, protein and carbohydrate. Atwater was doing his best, but no food is average. Every food is digested in its own way.

Consider how vegetables vary in their digestibility. We eat the stems, leaves and roots of hundreds of different plants. The walls of plant cells in the stems and leaves of some species are much tougher than those in other species. Even within a single plant, the durability of cell walls can differ. Older leaves tend to have sturdier cell walls than young ones. Generally speaking, the weaker or more degraded the cell walls in the plant material we eat, the more calories we get from it. Cooking easily ruptures cells in, say, spinach and zucchini, but cassava (Manihot esculenta) or Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is much more resistant. When cell walls hold strong, foods hoard their precious calories and pass through our body intact (think corn).

[break]

Some plant parts have evolved adaptations either to make themselves more appetizing to animals or to evade digestion altogether. Fruits and nuts first evolved in the Cretaceous (between 145 and 65 million years ago), not long after mammals were beginning to run between the legs of dinosaurs. Evolution favored fruits that were both tasty and easy to digest to better attract animals that could help plants scatter seeds. It also favored nuts and seeds that were hard to digest, however. After all, seeds and nuts need to survive the guts of birds, bats, rodents and monkeys to spread the genes they contain.

Studies suggest that peanuts, pistachios and almonds are less completely digested than other foods with similar levels of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, meaning they relinquish fewer calories than one would expect. A new study by Janet A. Novotny and her colleagues at the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that when people eat almonds, they receive just 129 calories per serving rather than the 170 calories reported on the label. They reached this conclusion by asking people to follow the same exact diets—except for the amount of almonds they ate—and measuring the unused calories in their feces and urine.

Even foods that have not evolved to survive digestion differ markedly in their digestibility. Proteins may require as much as five times more energy to digest as fats because our enzymes must unravel the tightly wound strings of amino acids from which proteins are built. Yet food labels do not account for this expenditure. Some foods such as honey are so readily used that our digestive system is hardly put to use. They break down in our stomach and slip quickly across the walls of our intestines into the bloodstream: game over.

Finally, some foods prompt the immune system to identify and deal with any hitchhiking pathogens. No one has seriously evaluated just how many calories this process involves, but it is probably quite a few. A somewhat raw piece of meat can harbor lots of potentially dangerous microbes. Even if our immune system does not attack any of the pathogens in our food, it still uses up energy to take the first step of distinguishing friend from foe. This is not to mention the potentially enormous calorie loss if a pathogen in uncooked meat leads to diarrhea.

What's Cooking?
Perhaps the biggest problem with modern calorie labels is that they fail to account for an everyday activity that dramatically alters how much energy we get from food: the way we simmer, sizzle, sauté and otherwise process what we eat. When studying the feeding behavior of wild chimpanzees, biologist Richard Wrangham, now at Harvard University, tried eating what the chimps ate. He went hungry and finally gave in to eating human foods. He has come to believe that learning to process food—cooking it with fire and pounding it with stones—was a milestone of human evolution. Emus do not process food; neither, to any real extent, do any of the apes. Yet every human culture in the world has technology for modifying its food. We grind, we heat, we ferment. When humans learned to cook food—particularly, meat—they would have dramatically increased the number of calories they extracted from that food. Wrangham proposes that getting more energy from food allowed humans to develop and nourish exceptionally large brains relative to body size. But no one had precisely investigated, in a controlled experiment, how processing food changes the energy it provides—until now.

Rachel N. Carmody, a former graduate student in Wrangham's lab, and her collaborators fed adult male mice either sweet potatoes or lean beef. She served these foods raw and whole, raw and pounded, cooked and whole, or cooked and pounded and allowed the mice to eat as much as they wanted for four days. Mice lost around four grams of weight on raw sweet potatoes but gained weight on cooked potatoes, pounded and whole. Similarly, the mice retained one gram more of body mass when consuming cooked meat rather than raw meat. This reaction makes biological sense. Heat hastens the unraveling, and thus the digestibility, of proteins, as well as killing bacteria, presumably reducing the energy the immune system must expend to battle any pathogens.

[break]

Carmody's findings also apply to industrial processing. In a 2010 study people who ate 600- or 800-calorie portions of whole-wheat bread with sunflower seeds, kernels of grain and cheddar cheese expended twice as much energy to digest that food as did individuals who consumed the same quantity of white bread and “processed cheese product.” Consequently, people snacking on whole wheat obtained 10 percent fewer calories.

Even if two people eat the same sweet potato or piece of meat cooked the same way, they will not get the same number of calories out of it. Carmody and her colleagues studied inbred mice with highly similar genetics. Yet the mice still varied in terms of how much they grew or shrank on a given diet. People differ in nearly all traits, including inconspicuous features, such as the size of the gut. Measuring people's colons has not been popular for years, but when it was the craze among European scientists in the early 1900s, studies discovered that certain Russian populations had large intestines that were about 57 centimeters longer on average than those of certain Polish populations. Because the final stages of nutrient absorption occur in the large intestine, a Russian eating the same amount of food as a Pole is likely to get more calories from it. People also vary in the particular enzymes they produce. By some measures, most adults do not produce the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to break down lactose sugars in milk. As a result, one man's high-calorie latte is another's low-calorie case of the runs.

People differ immensely as well in what scientists have come to regard as an extra organ of the human body—the community of bacteria living in the intestines. In humans, two phyla of bacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, dominate the gut. Researchers have found that obese people have more Firmicutes in their intestines and have proposed that some people are obese, in part, because the extra bacteria make them more efficient at metabolizing food: so instead of being lost as waste, more nutrients make their way into the circulation and, if they go unused, get stored as fat. Other microbes turn up only in specific peoples. Some Japanese individuals, for example, have a microbe in their intestines that is particularly good at breaking down seaweed. It turns out this intestinal bacterium stole the seaweed-digesting genes from a marine bacterium that lingered on raw seaweed salads.

Because many modern diets contain so many easily digestible processed foods, they may be reducing the populations of gut microbes that evolved to digest the more fibrous matter our own enzymes cannot. If we continue to make our gut a less friendly environment for such bacteria, we may get fewer calories from tough foods such as celery.

Few people have attempted to improve calorie counts on food labels based on our current understanding of human digestion. We could tweak the Atwater system to account for the special digestive challenges posed by nuts. We could even do so nut by nut or, more generally, food by food. Such changes (which have unsurprisingly been supported by the Almond Board of California, an advocacy group) would, however, require scientists to study each and every food the same way that Novotny and her colleagues investigated almonds, one bag of feces and jar of urine at a time. Judging by the fda's regulations, the agency would be unlikely to prevent food sellers from adjusting calorie counts based on such new studies. The bigger challenge is modifying labels based on how items are processed; no one seems to have launched any efforts to make this larger change.

Even if we entirely revamped calorie counts, however, they would never be precisely accurate because the amount of calories we extract from food depends on such a complex interaction between food and the human body and its many microbes. In the end, we all want to know how to make the smartest choices at the supermarket. Merely counting calories based on food labels is an overly simplistic approach to eating a healthy diet—one that does not necessarily improve our health, even if it helps us lose weight. Instead we should think more carefully about the energy we get from our food in the context of human biology. Processed foods are so easily digested in the stomach and intestines that they give us a lot of energy for very little work. In contrast, veggies, nuts and whole grains make us sweat for our calories, generally offer far more vitamins and nutrients than processed items, and keep our gut bacteria happy. So it would be logical for people who want to eat healthier and cut calories to favor whole and raw foods over highly processed foods. You might call it the way of the emu.

This article was originally published with the title "Everything You Know about Calories is Wrong"

 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-reveals-why-calorie-counts-are-all-wrong/

 

"Contagem de calorias é um transtorno alimentar, ou mais precisamente, é uma ilusão pensar que você é inteligente o suficiente para ser capaz de fazê-lo.

Calorias são muito difíceis de medir- grande parte dos dados sobre os alimentos é incorreto e não leva em conta as propriedades de mistura alimentos, apenas o que acontece quando você eletrocuta um único tipo de substância nos confins de uma bomba de calorímetro e o quanto ele se aquece num pouco de água.

Mesmo em gorduras simples a quantidade de energia potencial difere de grama por grama.

Calorias são ridiculamente difíceis de medir - metabolismo e despesas gerais são tão variadas e vacilantes que é inútil pensar no uso de energia como "Queimei xxx calorias".

Calorias são impossíveis de saber exatamente o que está acontecendo no meio - o corpo não processa "calorias". Ele rompe as moléculas e metaboliza com base em sua condição atual, em seguida, modifica a condição atual através de hormônios para se adequar a entrada. O destino de uma dada molécula não é possível prever com exatidão.

A contagem e equações envolvidas não existem incondicionamente - a quantidade de picos hormonais e baixos que os vários tipos de alimentos encontram em seu caminho para se tornar ATP (a energia utilizável ACTUAL) é suficiente para fazer você chorar - todos nós estaríamos melhor se o termo "calorias" fosse devolvido ao estado hipotético e nunca utilizado novamente."

 

CICO-BIOCHEM-thumb.jpg
 

Muita teoria e pouca prática, em 95% dos casos das pessoas q eu conheço que contam calorias, tem um shape melhor do que qm come sem se preocupar com macros e com calorias( NAO COLOCANDO VENENOS NA HISTÓRIA). Pra mim é algo muito simples, faço engenharia, entao gosto de trabalhar com números, contar macros e kcal é muito mais simples do que oq vc faz na faculdade, entao ja me acostumei. Contar kcal 'te da uma direção', isso pra mim é fundamental, por exemplo :  se vc ta ingerindo 2500kcal e ta secando, continua comendo essa quantia.. nao tem pq abaixar as calorias ou mudar os macros. OPA, ESTAGNEI, o que eu faço? Baixa as calorias em 200kcal.... OPA cheguei na minha TMB? O que eu faco? abaixo mais as kcal? NAO, vou entrar com um aerobio.

 

Agora o cara que simplesmente restringe a alimentação pode abaixar demais ou subir demais as calorias dele, perdendo essa 'noção' de quantas kcal ta ingerindo. Bato tanto nessa tecla de calorias, pq foi a partir do momento que comecei a contar elas que obtive meus melhores resultados.

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Será que contar calorias é preciso?

  • Nas últimas 4 semanas eu ingeri uma média de 2700 calorias e gastei uma média de 2570 calorias, portanto, um superávit médio de 130 calorias por dia;
  • Nesse mesmo período eu ganhei ~200g de massa (calculado através das médias semanais e equação de tendência, mas ainda assim é a parte menos precisa de todas). Isso equivale a 1540 calorias. Ou seja, na verdade eu fiz um superávit de apenas 55 calorias;
  • Errei, portanto, em 75 calorias por dia, em média. Logo, foram 75 de 2700 calorias registradas/estimadas, o que equivale a um erro de 2,7% nas estimativas;

Eu não sei vcs, mas pra mim um erro de 2,7% tá muito bom. Isso que eu como muitas vezes fora (almoço fora todos os dias, além de jantar fora eventualmente) e sou afeito a certas orgias gastronômicas eventuais. Pessoas como o Ricardo, que pesa td o que come, tem uma precisão ainda maior.

 

O modelo CICO (calories in calories out) é muito mais complexo que muitos imaginam (vide o tópico [Guia] Estimando seu GCD, Turma 101, que explica em detalhes várias formas de se calcular o GCD com máxima precisão). Ainda assim, o modelo CICO funciona. E funciona muito bem pra quem sabe usar. 

 

Abraços

 

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"Uma caloria é uma caloria" viola a segunda lei da termodinâmica

 

Resumo:

"O princípio de "uma caloria é uma caloria", que a mudança de peso em dietas hipocalóricas é independente da composição de macronutrientes, é amplamente difundida na literatura popular e técnica, e é frequentemente justificada pelo apelo às leis da termodinâmica.

Revemos aqui alguns aspectos da termodinâmica que carregam na perda de peso e os efeitos de composição de macronutrientes. O foco é o chamado vantagem metabólica em dietas de baixo carboidrato - maior perda de peso em comparação com dietas isocalóricas de composição diferente. Duas leis da termodinâmica são relevantes para os sistemas considerados em nutrição e, ao passo que a primeira lei é uma conservação (da energia) direito, o segundo é uma lei de dissipação: algo (entropia negativa) é perdido e, portanto, o equilíbrio não é de se esperar em intervenções dietéticas. Aqui, nós propomos que um mal-entendido da segunda lei explica a controvérsia sobre o papel do efeito de macronutrientes na perda de peso e rever alguns aspectos da termodinâmica elementares.

Usamos os dados na literatura que mostram que a termogênese é suficiente para prever a vantagem metabólica. Considerando homeostase garante equilíbrio em muitas condições, como princípio geral, "uma caloria é uma caloria" viola a segunda lei da termodinâmica."

 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC506782/

 

 

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A primeira lei da termodinâmica na vida real

 

Alguns pontos do artigo:


"A distorção da lei da termodinâmica que foi simplificada para o saber popular: ". Calorias que entram = calorias que saem" Este adágio simplista tornou-se algo "todo mundo sabe" como verdade. E por trás há amplamente realizadas crenças que gerir o nosso peso é simplesmente uma questão de equilibrar calorias ingeridas e exercício físico"

"As peças de energia da equação são: calorias consumidas; Calorias convertidas em energia e usadas em movimentos involuntários; Calorias utilizadas para geração de calor e em resposta a exposições e temperaturas ambientais externas; Calorias usadas com processos inflamatórios e infecciosos; Calorias usadas no crescimento, restauração de tecidos e numerosos processos metabólicos; Calorias utilizadas no movimento voluntário; Calorias não absorvidas no trato digestivo e matéria expulsa; Calorias armazenadas como gordura e gordura convertida no fígado em glicose; e mais. Acrescente-se que, para colocar de forma simples, cada variável afeta os outros, varia com a massa e a idade, envolve complexas influências regulatórias hormonais e enzimáticas e difere em eficiência. 

Calorias consumidas e calorias usadas no movimento voluntário são apenas duas pequenas partes do equilíbrio energético e são sem sentido por si, a menos que todas as outras variáveis sejam controladas, como o nosso metabolismo ... que nunca pode ser medido não está sob nosso controle.

"O peso corporal é notavelmente estável em humanos", explicou o Dr. Jeffrey M. Friedman, MD, Ph.D., chefe do Laboratório de Genética Molecular da Universidade Rockefeller, em Nova York. "O consumo humano médio de um milhão ou mais calorias por ano, mas o peso muda muito pouco na maioria das pessoas. Esses fatos levam à conclusão de que o equilíbrio energético é regulado com uma precisão superior a 99,5%, o que excede o que pode ser conscientemente monitorado . "

Um dos estudos científicos mais antigos e mais cuidadosos e abrangentes de jejum parcial - de calorias numa dieta restritiva - e suas consequências foi, naturalmente os primeiros estudos de fome em Minnesota feito a mais de 50 anos pelo Dr. Ancel Keys, Benjamin Ph D, no Laboratório de Higiene Fisiológica da Universidade de Minnesota. Ele descobriu que quando as calorias são restritas, mesmo entre os jovens homens saudáveis que também eram ativos, o metabolismo caiu em 40% como seus corpos tentaram preservar o seu tamanho. 

Após o período de intervenção de 3 meses de dieta, cada homem finalmente retornou ao seu intervalo de peso inicial sem tentar. Mesmo comendo sem restrições, e os homens comendo tanto quanto 4.000 quilocalorias por dia, eles não continuaram obesos. Isso deu aos cientistas uma das primeiras demonstrações de que cada corpo tem um ponto de ajuste natural, genético. Depois que os pesos dos homens tinham estabilizado dentro de suas escalas naturais, no tempo seus metabolismos retornaram ao normal, também.

Na década de 1980, o Dr. Leibel anunciou ter encontrado pessoas que tinham mantido  perdas de peso de 100 libras por pelo menos um ano e meio. .. Sucesso a longo prazo perdedores são "monomaniacal e completamente obcecado com seu peso." Eles tinham feito o controle de peso a sua vida, ficando extremamente chateados se eles não corressem um certo número de milhas por dia, contando calorias e constantemente fantasiando sobre alimentos, exibindo todos os sinais de comportamento alimentar disfuncional.

Dr. Sims primeiro tentou fazer os estudantes universitários comerem gordura, tendo-lhes deliberadamente aumentado duas a três vezes a ingestão calórica normal. Entre 3 a 5 meses, analisando o que ocorreria, os alunos só foram capazes de aumentar seus pesos em 10-12% e não conseguiam ganhar mais.

Seus experimentos com os alunos, bem como os seus estudos posteriores, confirmaram que o ganho ou perda de peso não pode ser explicado simplesmente pelo número de calorias consumidas

Grupos de "voluntários igualmente dedicados ao Vermont State Prison" se inscreveram, empenhados em comer o máximo possível por 200 dias para tentar engordar. Longe de ser fácil, não era. Na verdade, a maioria dos homens achou tão extremamente difícil que muitos consideraram abandonar. Forçar-se a comer tanto tornou-se tão desagradável que alguns até mesmo vomitaram após o café-da-manhã. "A maioria deles desenvolveu uma aversão ao pequeno-almoço", escreveu o Dr. Sims. Praticamente todos eles pelo menos dobraram a quantidade de comida que geralmente comiam e, simultaneamente, reduziram sua atividade, e muitos estavam comendo tanto quanto 9.000 a 10.000 kcal / dia, ele disse. Ainda assim, apenas vinte homens conseguiram ganhar 20 a 25% de seu peso com grande dificuldade e os outros não conseguiram, apesar de estarem consumindo mais calorias do que os outros, escreveu o Dr. Sims.

Uma vez que os prisioneiros tinham ganho de peso, seus metabolismos tinha aumentado em 50%. Os homens que foram capazes de atingir o seu peso meta descobriram que só poderiam manter o seu ganho de peso, continuando a comer demais - em média, dez vezes mais do que teoricamente deveria ter sido necessário para o seu novo tamanho.

Quando alguém ganha apenas cerca de 10% do peso sobre o seu ponto de ajuste natural, há um aumento do seu metabolismo de pelo menos 16% acima do aumento esperado para o seu tamanho

A velocidade do  metabolismo do corpo ou desacelera tentando manter o peso dentro da sua base natural. Ou há ganho de peso e o metabolismo pode até dobrar; ou ainda perde-se peso e pode diminuir para quase metade de sua taxa normal.

Os homens no estudo da prisão que ganharam peso bem além de seu set point se sentiram muito letárgicos, negligentes em suas tarefas da prisão, e temperamentais como os homens famintos no estudo de Minnesota

Após a experiência, os homens geneticamente magros perderam peso sem esforço sem contar calorias e, eventualmente, estabilizaram no seu peso inicial, a maioria sem aumento de peso. "Essencialmente todos os indivíduos até agora perderam peso prontamente", escreveu o Dr. Sims, "com a mesma rapidez, de fato, como aquela com a qual a maioria de nossos pacientes obesos retornam ao seu peso habitual e habitualmente após a perda de peso".

Experimentos de Sim demonstraram uma notável tenacidade na fisiologia humana ... De semana para semana, embora não de dia para dia, o apetite equilibra espontaneamente a quantidade que comemos contra a quantidade de energia que queimam

Não há mais espaço para "calorias que entram = Calorias que saem "do que a primeira Lei da Termodinâmica - há mais à primeira Lei da Termodinâmica do que" dieta e exercício ", popularmente referido como" calorias que entram = calorias que saem. "

 

http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.ca/2008/10/first-law-of-thermodynamics-in-real.html

 

11 Especialistas Demolem o "Calories-In-Calories-Out" (CICO) Modelo de Obesidade

 

Spoiler

1. Adele Hite — “Sometime around noon, I will disappear altogether because all my calories will be gone.”Adele-Hite

I love Adele, and her Eathropology.com blog is a shining diamond of nutritional truth in a proverbial ocean of dietary advice sludge. Or something. Rope off a few hours to scour her blog for wisdom. Here’s an apropos nugget that skewers one of the most visible “calories count” mandarins, Marion Nestle:

“Fortunately, there’s an easy way to keep track of your calories even though you can’t see, taste, or smell them.

Marion Nestle says that the best way to measure calories is to step on a scale. So, lessee. I stepped on the scale and I weigh 160 pounds. If I’m 55% water (hooray, no calories there!), and 4% minerals (wait, does calcium have calories?), and then 13% protein (4 calories), 24% fat (9 calories) and 4% carbohydrate (4 calories), well then, hmm multiply by and convert and carry the one and—got it!—I’m exactly 194766.884 I’m exactly 206112.371 calories.

That means if I decrease my calorie intake by 500 calories a day (this where all that helpful calorie information on the side of the box of low-fat, high-fiber, individually calorie-control portion food comes in handy) and increase my activity by 500 calories a day (which I understand I can do simply through insanity, which—according to my children—should not be much of a stretch), that means that on November 10, 2012, sometime around noon, I will disappear altogether because all my calories will be gone. See how easy that is.”

2. Dr. David Ludwig and Mark Freedman — “We have an abundance of calories, but they’re in the wrong place.”Ludwig_Photo_1

Dr. David Ludwig and Mark Freedman are overseeing some fascinating, cutting edge nutrition research. Their May 16, 2014 editorial in the New York Times, “Always Hungry? Here’s Why” was that weekend’s most shared news piece in the world. They also just published an editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), “Increasing Adiposity: Consequence or Cause of Overeating?” that explores this theme further.

Here’s the start of their blockbuster NYT editorial:

“FOR most of the last century, our understanding of the cause of obesity has been based on immutable physical law. Specifically, it’s the first law of thermodynamics, which dictates that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. When it comes to body weight, this means that calorie intake minus calorie expenditure equals calories stored. Surrounded by tempting foods, we overeat, consuming more calories than we can burn off, and the excess is deposited as fat. The simple solution is to exert willpower and eat less.

The problem is that this advice doesn’t work, at least not for most people over the long term. In other words, your New Year’s resolution to lose weight probably won’t last through the spring, let alone affect how you look in a swimsuit in July. More of us than ever are obese, despite an incessant focus on calorie balance by the government, nutrition organizations and the food industry.

But what if we’ve confused cause and effect? What if it’s not overeating that causes us to get fat, but the process of getting fatter that causes us to overeat?

The more calories we lock away in fat tissue, the fewer there are circulating in the bloodstream to satisfy the body’s requirements. If we look at it this way, it’s a distribution problem: We have an abundance of calories, but they’re in the wrong place. As a result, the body needs to increase its intake. We get hungrier because we’re getting fatter.
It’s like edema, a common medical condition in which fluid leaks from blood vessels into surrounding tissues. No matter how much water they drink, people with edema may experience unquenchable thirst because the fluid doesn’t stay in the blood, where it’s needed. Similarly, when fat cells suck up too much fuel, calories from food promote the growth of fat tissue instead of serving the energy needs of the body, provoking overeating in all but the most disciplined individuals.”

3. Gary Taubes — “They lost 60 percent of their body fat before they died of starvation, but still had five times as much body fat as lean mice.”gary-taubes

Taubes is almost singlehandedly responsible for the modern anti-CICO revolution. When the forces of good prevail in the war against the insanity that is calories-in-calories-out, and we solve obesity, diabetes and the diseases that associate with them, we will all have Taubes to thank. Here’s a particularly devastating assault on the nonsensical “Eat Less Move More” model of obesity, from his bestseller 2007 book, Good Calories, Bad Calories:

“[Certain genetically obese mice] will fatten excessively regardless of how much they eat. The obesity is not dependent on the number of calories they consume… “These mice will make fat out of their food under the most unlikely circumstances, even when half starved,” [researcher Jean] Mayer had reported. And if starved sufficiently, these animals can be reduced to the same weight as lean mice, but they’ll still be fatter. They will consume the protein in their muscles and organs rather than surrender the fat in their [fat] tissue. Indeed, when these fat mice are starved, they do not become lean mice… they become emaciated versions of fat mice.

Francis Benedict reported this in 1936, when he fasted a strain of obese mice. They lost 60 percent of their body fat before they died of starvation, but still had five times as much body fat as lean mice (!!!!!!)* that were allowed to eat as much as they desired.”

*[bolded font and exclamation points are mine!!!!!]

“In 1981, M.R.C. Greenwood reported that if she restricted the diet of an obese strain of rats known as Zucker rats… and did it from birth onward, these rats would actually grow fatter by adulthood than their littermates who were allowed to eat to their hearts’ content. Clearly, the number of calories these rats consumed over the course of their life was not the critical factor in their obesity (unless we are prepared to argue that eating fewer calories induces greater obesity)… these semi-starved Zucker rats had 50% less muscle mass than genetically lean rats, and 30% less muscle mass than the Zucker rats that ate as much as they wanted. They, too, were sacrificing their muscles and organs to make fat.”

4. Dr. Mark Hyman — “Food interacts with your biology, a complex adaptive system that instantly transforms every bite.”dr-mark-hyman

A practicing physician, bestselling author and advocate of low sugar living, Dr. Hyman has also penned some wonderfully vituperous attacks on calories-in-calories-out. Here’s a nice passage from one of his blog posts:

“The vast majority of conventional nutritionists and doctors have it mostly wrong when it comes to weight loss. Let’s face it: If their advice were good and doable, we would all be thin and healthy by now. But as a general rule, it’s not. And the mainstream media messages often confuse things even more. It is based on many “food lies”.

And the biggest lie of them all is this: All calories are created equal.

Is this really true? Not really. Let us explore why.

Take a class of sixth graders. Show them a picture of 1,000 calories of broccoli and 1,000 calories of soda. Ask them if they have the same effect on our bodies. Their unanimous response will be “NO!” We all intuitively know that equal caloric amounts of soda and broccoli can’t be the same nutritionally. But as Mark Twain said, “The problem with common sense is that it is not too common.”

I guess that is why the medical profession, nutritionists, our government, the food industry, and the media are all still actively promoting the outdated, scientifically disproven idea that all calories are created equal. Yes, that well-worn notion—that as long as you burn more calories than you consume, you will lose weight—is simply dead wrong.
Newton’s first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of an isolated system is constant. In other words, in a laboratory, or “isolated system,” 1,000 calories of broccoli and 1,000 calories of soda are, in fact, the same. I’m not saying Newton was wrong about that. It’s true that when burned in a laboratory setting, 1,000 calories of broccoli and 1,000 calories of soda would indeed release the same amount of energy.

But sorry, Mr. Newton; your law of thermodynamics doesn’t apply in living, breathing, digesting systems. When you eat food, the “isolated system” part of the equation goes out the window. The food interacts with your biology, a complex adaptive system that instantly transforms every bite.”

5. Tom Naughton — “If we start shaming them, we won’t end up with fewer fat people … but we will end up with more fat people who are depressed or neurotic.”tom-naughton

Documentarian and blogger, Tom Naughton, is one of the funniest voices in the nutrition blogosphere. His documentary film “Fat Head” is a must-see. And his recent 6-part blog series demolishing the preposterous notion of calories-in-calories-out is simply brilliant. Twain and Jonathan Swift would approve. Here’s an especially delicious quote from Naughton’s extended rant (disclaimer: I took a class with Kelly Brownell at Yale – he was a good prof, but he’s wrong wrong wrong about his “toxic environment” hypothesis):

“[An] official from the U.K. health system floated the idea that doctors need to stop pussyfooting around with the language and just tell fat patients that they’re too fat.  A professor of ethics in the U.S. stepped it up a notch and insisted we need to start shaming fat people.

Riiiiiiiight.  Because fat people don’t know they’re fat and aren’t properly ashamed of themselves.  If we just shame them enough, they’ll develop some character and stop eating too much.  It’s not as if appetite and energy balance at the cellular level figure into this or anything.

I’ve got news for both of these dunces:  fat people know they’re fat, and most of them hate it.  Most of them have tried over and over to lose weight, but failed because they were given bad advice on how to do it.  To put it in terms of my last post, they expended plenty of effort, but the effort wasn’t effective.

If we start shaming them, we won’t end up with fewer fat people … but we will end up with more fat people who are depressed or neurotic.  Fewer of them will visit doctors for checkups or to find out what that funny-looking lump is.  They’ll avoid doctors to avoid the lectures and the shaming.  That already happens, in fact.  And by the way, raising their cortisol levels by shaming them won’t help the weight-loss efforts one bit.

Okay, so let’s skip outright shaming in favor of the kinder, gentler form of government meddling favored by CSPI and plenty of other do-gooders:  calorie-count menu boards and can’t-miss calorie labels on food packages.  In that case, we’re not assuming fat people are remorseless gluttons who need to feel ashamed.  Nope, now we’re just assuming they’re stupid.

The belief here is that fat people go to fast-food restaurants and order a double cheeseburger, large fries and large soda because it’s never occurred to them that the calorie count might be too high for one meal.  So let’s pass a law mandating a calorie count right there on the menu board where they can’t miss it.   The menu board will then serve as a nagging parent, almost yelling “Hey, dummy!  Look at all the calories in that meal!  Order the chicken salad instead!”

During a talking-head-show debate about the calorie-count menu boards I saw awhile back, a skinny news anchor opined, “Well, if I see that the double cheeseburger meal is 1,000 calories and the chicken salad is 300 calories, I’m going for the chicken salad.”  Yes, of course you would, Miss Skinniness.  That would be a satisfying meal for you because that’s how your body chemistry works.  But if an obese person ordered that meal because the menu board shamed him into it, the end result would be that he’d eat more later to make up the difference.  That’s what the research shows.

Real-world studies have already demonstrated that confronting people with calorie counts doesn’t work, and it’s awonder anyone believes otherwise.  Jacob Sullum (who appeared in Fat Head) once angered Yale professor Kelly Brownell during a debate by pointing out that Brownell is very fat.  Sullum’s a nice guy, and as he told me off-camera when I interviewed him, he wouldn’t normally make a point of someone’s girth.  But Brownell (a CSPI board member) is all in favor of mandatory calorie counts on menus, which means he thinks people are fat because they don’t have enough information to make smart choices.

And yet Brownell is morbidly obese.  Are we supposed to believe that a Yale professor doesn’t have enough information to make smart choices?  Are we supposed to believe that a guy who wants to use the power of government to (ahem) help obese people lose weight doesn’t care that he’s obese himself?  Are we supposed to believe that a Yale professor who wrote a book about obesity isn’t aware that even people who go out of their way to count calories rarely lose weight and keep it off as a result?  If calorie-counting doesn’t work for them, why the hell would it work for people who are merely confronted with calorie counts?  I’m not sure which bugs me more: the hypocrisy or the ridiculousness of believing in a theory that clearly hasn’t worked for Brownell himself.”

6. Sam Feltham — “The energy in their body fat stores is trapped and accumulating, similar to a tumour that is growing.”Sam-Feltham

Sam is a weight loss expert and CEO of the very successful “Smash The Fat” franchise. Last year, he made headlines in the blogosphere and mainstream media when he conducted a series of overeating experiments designed to explode the dumb notion that “all calories are created equal.” His overeating videos are fascinating. Here’s a pull quote from an article he wrote about why he didn’t get fat overeating a high fat, low carb diet:

“A person who weighs 80kg and is 15% body fat, nearly what I am, stores approximately 108,000 calories of body fat. Again this is a great biochemical trick, and much larger storage capability for energy compared to carbohydrates, so that in hard times we can call upon this large energy store and survive for around 21 days until food is available again. This is where the problem lies in terms of overweight or obese people. In their current biochemical status they have either limited ability or can’t use the body fat they have stored for energy because of biochemical imbalances in their body. Simply put the energy in their body fat stores is trapped and accumulating, similar to a tumour that is growing. Unless their biochemical imbalances are rebalanced they will remain overweight or obese, even in a calorie deficit in a lot of cases, and will most likely develop either type 2 diabetes, chronic heart disease, cancer, alzheimer’s or even a combination of these called metabolic syndrome.

To explain how our body actually interacts with food I’m going to use a rather abstract metaphor but one we can all relate to and if you agree with it even demonstrate it at a dinner party. Imagine you’re doing the washing up and you’re left with a drinking glass at a kitchen sink full of water with two taps or fossetts and a small plug hole. The sink full of water is your fat stores with the plug hole as your energy out from fat stores and the drinking glass is your carb stores which you can drink from for energy. From one tap pours fat that you eat and from the other tap pours carbs that you eat. You place the drinking glass under the carbs tap that catches and store the carbs flowing out of the tap, with the overflowing carb water being stored in your fat stores. As with any regular taps they can accumulate ‘limescale’ which flows from the taps in to the sink and drinking glass if treated badly blocking up the plug hole. In this case the ‘limescale’ coming from the taps represents biochemical damage through eating highly processed or fake foods, whether that be refined and sugary carbs or hydrogenated fat. Which causes insulin resistance, leptin resistance, liver damage and a multitude of other biochemical problems that contribute to peoples body’s not working properly and developing the aforementioned diseases.

What happens when someone is biochemically balanced their fat stores stay steady with their body either using or “dumping” the calories coming in from food. In this metaphor the fat water is able to flow down the small plug hole with no problems as energy out. The fat stores are either kept topped up through the fat tap or by the carbs tap from the overflowing mechanism and as long as they aren’t refined, surgary or unnatural carbs this can and does work for some but not all people. We have copious amounts of data showing traditional diets that are high in fat and high in carbs with both populations living happy healthy lives.

This is how the body is meant to work to consume energy but when someone starts eating fake foods then the water that pours out of the taps, or energy coming in, contains that dreaded biochemical ‘limescale’. The ‘limescale’ from both taps starts to block the plug hole, or in reality inhibits energy out from fat stores. As a consequence the person must start to rely on the carb glass for energy more and more. Over time, this now biochemically unbalanced person’s energy out plug hole for their fat stores becomes completely blocked from the ‘limescale’ and they now solely rely on drinking from the carb glass for energy. Having to fill it up at every given moment with refined, sugary and unnatural carbs to survive, which drives cravings, as their ability to use body fat for energy diminishes and their fat stores grow exponentially.

Sooooo…to answer your original question of why did you choose a high fat diet and why didn’t you get fat? Using this metaphor as a basis for how our body interacts with food, I did not accumulate any biochemical ‘limescale’. The energy out from my body fat stores was not inhibited, so my body either used or “dumped” the calories coming in to keep me about the same size despite being in a 56,645 calorie surplus.

The only way to to stop accumulating biochemical ‘limescale’ is to not eat fake foods, whether that be refined and sugary carbs or hydrogenated fat. Plus the only way to get rid of the biochemical ‘limescale’ that’s stopping your body from using your body fat stores for energy is to EAT REAL FOOD, and the ‘limescale’ will wash away.”

7. Richard Feinman and Eugene FIne — “The dictum that a “calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics, as a matter of principle.”richard-feinman

Nutrition and Metabolism Society founder, Richard Feinman, together with Eugene Fine have published some mission critical research on carbohydrate restriction. They have also assaulted the simplistic CICO model on thermodynamic grounds, showing conclusively that when you consider a thermodynamic concept called “entropy,” the conventional wisdom about calories actually violates the laws of physics! Here’s a pivotal quote from their 2004 paper, “A calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics, published in Nutrition Journal:

“The idea that “a calorie is a calorie” comes from a misunderstanding of the laws of thermodynamics. There are two laws of thermodynamics…The second law is a dissipation law [which] says that variation of efficiency for different metabolic pathways is to be expected. Thus, ironically the dictum that a “calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics, as a matter of principle….Attacking the obesity epidemic will involve giving up many old ideas that have not been productive. “A calorie is a calorie” might be a good place to start.”

8. “ItsTheWoo” — “Are they so rigid minded and dogmatic, not unlike a cartoonish villian such as Javert, that they can’t at all waver from their convictions no matter how ridiculous those convictions reveal themselves to be?”ItsTheWoo

Firebrand blogger ItsTheWoo lost well over 100 pounds on a low carb diet… and kept it off for over a decade. Known for her take no prisoners rants that spare no one, “Woo” is one of the most impassioned critics of CICO in the blogosphere. Here’s a juicy quote from one of her rants (names have been redacted):

“Ya know blog, I’m not sure if [the CICO advocates] are actually purposefully pretending to misunderstand the hormone hypothesis argument, or if they really are too stupid to understand it.  I just can’t tell. In my view it is beyond evident physiological factors are responsible for fat mass gain; calories and the mechanisms to obtain them (sloth/gluttony) are merely reactive to the body state which is controlled by baseline physiology. So, when [the CICO advocates] for years and years and *years* keep writing mind numbingly stupid shit like this:

‘We again are asked to ignore the obvious — that Americans are definitely eating more, on average, with no concurrent need for those calories, and likely moving a bit less as well.’

I just don’t know what to think anymore.  Are they morons? Are they so, so stupid they really can’t see the inverse projection of this system, which much more intelligent people have gone to great lengths to simplify and make child-friendly illustrations for them?  Are they *pretending* not to understand because they have a vested interest in eating as much neurotransmitter plastering glucose/insulin whenever they want? Are they so rigid minded and dogmatic, not unlike a cartoonish villian such as Javert, that they can’t at all waver from their convictions no matter how ridiculous those convictions reveal themselves to be?”

9. J. Stanton — “The concept of the “calorie”, as applied to nutrition, is an oversimplification so extreme as to be untrue in practice”J-stanton

Paleo blogger and author of “The Gnolls Credo,” J. Stanton put together a fascinating, detailed blog series devastating the calories-in-calories-out model. His whole series is really worth a read. Brilliant, brilliant stuff. As is his 2012 AHS lecture on the nature of hunger. Here’s a taste from his calories series:

“A friend of mine once said “The problem with explaining complicated systems to the layman is this: it’s easy to simplify a concept to the point that that it’s no longer true.

To that end, I submit the following hypothesis:

The concept of the “calorie”, as applied to nutrition, is an oversimplification so extreme as to be untrue in practice… the problem with “calories in, calories out” should be obvious:

The fate of a “calorie” of food depends completely on its specific molecular composition, the composition of the foods accompanying it, and how those molecules interact with our current metabolic and nutritional state.”

10. Bill Lagakos — “Counting calories to lose weight does not work for the majority of dieters.”bill-lagakos

Lagakos is a whip-smart blogger, nutrition wonk and PhD. His blog, Calories Proper, skewers myths and misconceptions about the nature of a healthy diet left and right, and it’s one of the few blogs I read as regularly as I can. I am eager to read his opus, The Poor Misunderstood Calorie. Professor Tim Noakes, South Africa’s leading expert in low carb high fat diet science, called Lagakos’s book: “The third book in Diet Trinity” in addition to Atkins’ Diet Revolution and Gary Taubes’ Good Calories Bad Calories.

Here’s Lagakos’ thesis — a middle finger to the simplistic and wrong idea that “a calorie is a caloire”:

“Counting calories to lose weight does not work for the majority of dieters. This happens, in part, because the calories in food are not the same as those expended by the body. This book is intended to explain this misperception, and function as a guide on energy balance and weight management for dieters, nutrition practitioners, and medical professionals.”

11. Jonathan Bailor — “The “eat less + exercise more = weight loss” equation simply doesn’t add up.”jonathan-bailor

Author of the New York Times bestselling book, The Calorie Myth, researcher Jonathan Bailor is one of the most vocal and successful “calorie critics” out there. He’s even launching a new video series, “The Quest to End the Calorie Myth,” which premiers next Sunday (June 22) at 11 a.m. PST. Can’t wait to watch it (and promote it!).

Here’s an excerpt of promotional material for The Calorie Myth that cuts to the quick of this whole matter:

“We value science. We celebrate innovation & progress. We seek to be in the know. So why are we following fat loss, eating, & exercise advice from the 50s?

Why haven’t we ever questioned the very foundation of every diet, exercise, and weight loss plan—an approach that, not coincidentally, has coincided with decades of escalating and record-breaking levels of obesity and diabetes?

After over 10 years of research and collaboration with some of the top academics, doctors, scientists, and thinkers in the field of health and wellness, Jonathan Bailor has developed a revolutionary new model for weight loss—and lifelong health. In THE CALORIE MYTH, he exposes the fundamental flaw upon which the diet industry has been built: the “eat less + exercise more = weight loss” equation simply doesn’t add up.

In this revolutionary book informed by over 1,300 studies and the new science of fat loss, food, and fitness, Bailor shows us how eating more—of the right kinds of foods—and exercising less—but at a higher intensity—is actually the key to burning fat, healing our hormones, boosting metabolism, and creating long-term weight loss. When we eat lots of high-quality foods like whole plants and nutritious proteins, our bodies are able to achieve a natural, healthy weight—automatically.”

http://www.caloriegate.com/calories-in-calories-out/11-experts-demolish-the-calories-in-calories-out-cico-model-of-obesity

 

 

Homo Carnivorus - O que somos projetados para comer - Barry Groves

 

Olhar perspicaz revela o que os seres humanos foram projetados para comer. Uma variedade de provas que vão desde a pintura rupestre, análise fecal hominídea à lei de Kleiber

 

 

9 Pictures That Prove Beyond a Reasonable Doubt That Calories DON’T Count

 

Spoiler

Do calories count, or not?

According to Marion Nestle (author of Why Calories Count) and thousands of other self-appointed experts in fat tissue metabolism, the answer is an unambiguous “YES!” that’s as impassioned as any “HALLELUJAH!” you’ll hear in a fire-n-brimstone church.

No matter how many times we Calorie Deniers point out that the gospel of calories flows from a simple, logical error — the confusing of cause and effect with respect to the applicability of the First Law of Thermodynamics to fat tissue regulation — nothing changes. It’s as if the Calories Count crowd literally cannot understand us.

The unwavering fixation on calories, as enshrined in the dogma of “just eat less and move more,” seems impervious to any counterevidence or counterargument.

As one of the world’s most respected skeptical doctors once wrote to me in an email: “I’m not skeptical of calorie counting because I’ve seen it work for my dog.”

Excuse me. WTF times 100?

So if I eat like your dog, will I, too, grow a tail and start barking at the mailman?

Head. Slam. On. Desk.

Let me reiterate: that retort came from one of the world’s most respected professional skeptics, not from some brainless internet troll.

That brings me to this manifesto. Below, I provide 9 pieces of pictorial evidence that should convince anyone with a working brain to acknowledge the actual truth about fat loss and obesity: namely, that our preoccupation with calories is AT BEST an oversimplification, and an inaccurate and morally mean one at that.

1. Insulin-injection-induced fat belly

insulin-makes-you-fat

This Type 1 diabetic injected insulin for 31 years in the same location, leading to what the New England Journal of Medicine called “insulin lipohypertrophy.” In layman’s speak, that’s insulin-induced fat tissue growth. Did “overeating” — a “positive calorie balance” — cause this big lump of fat?

Obviously, no.

Obviously, the insulin injections changed how this guy’s body partitioned fuel into fat. Gluttony or lack-of-portion-control didn’t cause this problem, and a few extra laps on the treadmill wouldn’t fix it.

 

2. Obese baby afflicted with Cushing’s Syndrome

Cushings-syndrome-obesityCushing’s Syndrome is an awful disease that you can read more about here. One of the side effects is fat tissue growth — a.k.a. obesity.

Do you really think that the disease made this baby fat by forcing him to “overeat” milk or formula? Would the solution be to starve him and put him on a treadmill?

 

 

3. Sam Feltham’s remarkable overeating experiment

Sam-feltham-5000-calories

Smash The Fat’s Sam Feltham recently completed what he called the 21 Day 5000 Calorie Challenge, where he purposefully forced himself to consume ~5700 calories a day of low carb/high fat food. That was roughly ~2700 more calories than he had been eating at baseline, before the experiment. If the “calorie math” actually worked, he should have gained ~16 kgs. Instead, he gained less than 2 kgs AND dropped his waist size.

So much for gluttony — even forced gluttony! — as a possible cause of obesity.

Sam’s an awesome guy, btw, and we just did a “podcast swap.” I’ll be publishing my interview with him in early July.

 

4. Progressive lipodystrophy

lipodystrophy

Did this woman become emaciated up top because she didn’t eat enough?

Did she become obese below because she ate too much?

Should she eat less and exercise more to lose fat below the waist… or eat more and move less to gain some fat above her waist? Or both at the same time, somehow?

Hold on. Brain exploding!

 

5. HIV medication makes people obese and emaciated at the same time!

antiretroviral-therapy-for-hiv

According to this article, ARV therapy for HIV patients can lead to obesity AND emaciation AT THE SAME TIME.

Mind = blown. Right?

Here are some of the symptoms. I’ve added the bolding and underlining and asterisks, so the point is clear.

“Main Symptoms
!!!****Fat atrophy****!!!
• face (sunken cheeks, temple hollowness, sunken eyes,
prominent zygomatic arch)
• arms and legs (prominent veins, skinny appearance)
• buttocks (loss of contour, loose skin folds)
!!!***Fat accumulation***!!

• ****!!!!abdomen (increased abdominal girth due to visceralfat accumulation****!!!!!)Related symptoms
• dorsocervical (‘buffalo hump’)
• breast enlargement
• hypertriglyceridaemia
• hypercholesterolaemia
• abnormal insulin resistance or glucose tolerance or
new onset of diabetes mellitus
• elevated C-peptide

Let me repeat that. This course of HIV medication apparently causes people to become OBESE AND EMACIATED AT THE SAME TIME.

Trying to apply the calorie counting logic to this kind of obesity is like dividing by zero.

 

6. Low carb diets curing both obesity… and anorexia!

low-carb-cures-anorexialow-carb-cures-obesity

Most people know that low carb diets, like Atkins, can be used to treat obesity.

But did you know that low carb has been able to treat anorexia, too? No kidding.

In their book, Life Without Bread, German doctors Allan and Lutz describe how they successfully treated anorexics with a low carbohydrate diet. Here’s the money quote:

“The low carbohydrate program augments the anabolic processes that contribute to increased body mass… over a long period of time, they [i.e. anorexics] will eventually reach a larger body mass compared to when they began the low-carbohydrate program. The new weight, however, will be in all the right places.” P. 144 Life Without Bread

So somehow, a low carbohydrate diet can help an anorexic man gain fat in “all the right places” AND help an overweight woman lose fat “in all the right places.”

Two possibilities:

a) low carb diets are magical

B) fat tissue health (and size!) can be mightily influenced by the QUALITY of food eaten

I’m putting my money on (b).

 

7. Obesity and Malnutrition are often found together.

obesity-and-malnutrition

From the Abstract for this article, Obesity and Malnutrition in a Shantytown Population in the City of São Paulo, Brazil,(published in the journal Obesity in 2012): “To investigate the prevalence of obesity and malnutrition in the poor Brazilian population we conducted a survey on the socioeconomic and nutritional status of 535 families (comprising 2 411 individuals) living in shanty towns in the city of São Paulo. There was a 30% prevalence of malnutrition in the children, with chronic malnutrition as the most predominant problem. The prevalence of obesity was 6.4% in boys and 8.7% in girls.”

Okay, so in a population that barely gets enough to eat, we see obesity AND malnutrition occurring at the same time. Think about how amazing that is — how much it conflicts with our basic assumption that Americans get fat because we have too much yummy food.

Are we to believe that the people in this shantytown have access to yummier food than, say, the affluent, healthy, non-obese, non-malnourished populations in the Mediterranean and Japan do?

Are we to assume that, somehow, the malnourished cohort in this society passively allows the obese cohort to eat more than their fair share, while they starve?

That doesn’t make any sense. Put on your thinking cap, Marion Nestle & co!

It’s not about the “yummyness” of the food we eat or how much we eat.

It’s about the FAT TISSUE. It’s about what messes the fat tissue up (e.g. unhealthy processed foods, consumed chronically).

8. There’s no such thing as a “calorie receptor” in the human body.

adipocyte-diagram

Here’s diagram of a fat cell – a.k.a. an “adipocyte.”

Do you see any “calorie receptors” on it?

No? Neither do I.

So how in Hades are “calories” supposed to make us fat, biochemically?

Oops. There is no answer that makes any sense. And I’ve asked many a Calorie Wizard this question. Never gotten an answer that’s even made half a lick of sense.

9. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics ALSO applies to the human body.

feinman-fine-2nd-law-of-thermodynamics

Per Richard Feinman and Eugene Fine: “The second law of thermodynamics says that variation of efficiency for different metabolic pathways is to be expected. Thus, ironically the dictum that a “calorie is a calorie” violates the second law of thermodynamics, as a matter of principle.”

See their full paper here.

If body processes different calories differently, howzabout we stop giving all people one-size-fits-all advice to deal with weight control issues? Just a thought.

In Summary – It’s Not That Complicated, People

Calories do not count on a boat.

They do not count with a goat.

They do not count in the rain.

They do not count on a train.

Not in the dark! Not in a tree!

Not in a car! So shut up about calories already!

They do not count in a box.

They do not count with a fox.

They do not count in a house.

They do not count with a mouse.

They do not count here or there.

They do not count ANYWHERE!

The Calorie Counting mentality:

  • Is mean, in that it blames obese people for being gluttonous sloths who care more about pound cake than about their health.
  • Is wrong (see above).
  • Is the beating black heart of all the B.S. that has made our nation (and world) fat and sick and sad — and has kept it that way.

Join with me and with the growing legion of Calorie Skeptics around the globe to free as many people as possible from the nonsensical calorie delusion. We just need 10% of the population. Then the Othello board can flip, and we can finally have a sensible conversation about the true causes (and possible cures) for obesity and the hundreds of chronic diseases associated with it.

!Viva La Revolucion!

Adam

 

Editado por Norton
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